Research

I am a data scientist. Data science is an emerging field commonly described as “the practice of deriving valuable insights from data,” and this thread runs through all of my work. My scholarly contributions have come in five main areas:

Subfields of interest to me include network science, applied statistics, sabermetrics, sports analytics, statistical modeling, analysis of algorithms, combinatorial optimization, data visualization, graph theory, and combinatorics. My Erdös number is 3, as I have co-authored a paper with Amotz Bar-Noy, who has co-authored a paper with Noga Alon, who has co-authored a paper with Paul Erdős.

My background is academically diverse, in that my undergraduate degree is in economics (my first declared major was English), my doctorate is in mathematics, my thesis adviser is in computer science, and my professional experience is in statistics. As such, my research tends to be interdisciplinary, with an emphasis on applying available techniques from any discipline to address the question of interest.

In 2012, I completed my Ph.D. in Mathematics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, where my advisor was Amotz Bar-Noy, also of Brooklyn College. Previously, I earned an M.A. in Applied Mathematics from the University of California, San Diego, and a B.A. in Economics from Wesleyan University.

In 2019, I won the Significant Contributor Award from the Section on Statistics in Sports of the American Statistical Association. In 2025, I was elected a a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

: Download my CV Please see my C.V. for complete details on my work.

Books

Analyzing Baseball Data with R cover

Analyzing Baseball Data with R, 3nd edition

Analyzing Baseball Data with R, 3rd Edition introduces R to sabermetricians, baseball enthusiasts, and students interested in exploring the richness of baseball data. It equips you with the necessary skills and software tools to perform all the analysis steps, from importing the data to transforming them into an appropriate format to visualizing the data via graphs to performing a statistical analysis.

: Read the 3rd edition

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Modern Data Science with R, 2nd edition

Contemporary data science uses both statistical modeling and computer programming to extract meaning from data. It requires a tight integration of knowledge from statistics, computer science, mathematics, and a domain of application. This book, which is intended for readers with some background in statistics and modest prior experience with coding, helps them develop and practice the appropriate skills to tackle complex data science projects. Most of the examples are done in R, but SQL, Python, and other cutting-edge tools are discussed as well.

Read the:

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Modern Data Science with R cover

The Sabermetric Revolution cover

The Sabermetric Revolution

The Sabermetric Revolution: Assessing the Growth of Analytics in Baseball, is co-authored with leading sports economist Andrew Zimbalist. We examine the evolution of sabermetrics in baseball and other sports since the publication of Moneyball, summarize the current state of sabermetric thinking, and address the question of whether there is any evidence that sabermetrics has actually worked. The book was published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in 2014.

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Recent Projects

DSC-WAV

DSC-WAV

I was the PI on a nine institution, $1.2 million workforce developed project funded by the National Science Foundation.

The DSC-WAV project simultaneously addressed two problems: 1) the inability of community-based and non-profit organizations to tackle data science problems; and 2) the lack of real world experience gained by students studying data science.

This project addressed both issues by deploying teams of data science students to assist local organizations, thereby increasing the long-term capacity of the data science workforce.

OpenIntro

I developed a series of courses on Introductory Statistics with R sequence of courses for DataCamp, an interactive platform to learn R and data science. Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel (Duke), Andrew Bray (Reed), and Jo Hardin (Pomona) are working with me on these courses. We are horrified by the recent sexual harassment scandal at DataCamp and the ensuing coverup.

Much of that content is now available through interactive tutorials developed with the learnr package supporting the textbook OpenIntro::Introduction to Modern Statistics Tutorials.

OpenIntro

R-CMD-check CRAN_Status_Badge CRAN RStudio mirror downloads

ETL packages for R

etl is an R package to facilitate Extract - Transform - Load (ETL) operations for medium data. The end result is generally a populated SQL database, but the user interaction takes place solely within R.

Publication List

Search for me on:

: Google Scholar

: DBLP

: Publons

: ORCID

References

[1]
B. S. Baumer, N. J. Horton, M. Posner, P. Roback, B. Heggeseth, L. Myint, and G. Beltz-Mohrmann, “Successful models for a second undergraduate course in data science,” Harvard Data Science Review, 2026 [Online]. Available: https://beanumber.github.io/datascience2/. Invited Manuscript Under Review
[2]
B. S. Baumer, S. Min, and R. Saidi, “Let’s standardize the first course in data science,” Harvard Data Science Review, 2026. Revise and Resubmit
[3]
B. S. Baumer and B. M. S. Sierra, “Tidychangepoint: A unified framework for analyzing changepoint detection in univariate time series,” Computational Statistics, vol. 41, no. 55, pp. 1–36, 2026 [Online]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-026-01726-6
[4]
B. S. Baumer and S. B. Susnea, “Reward systems in sports: What’s the fairest of them all?” TBD, 2026. In Progress
[5]
G. Eastwood, B. S. Baumer, and A. Zimbalist, “Everyone watches women’s basketball: Attendance and fan engagement in the WNBA,” Journal of Sports Economics, 2026 [Online]. Available: https://g-eastwood.github.io/wnbaattendance/. Under Review
[6]
D. Fernández, M. Estopañan, B. Baumer, and M. Casals, “Reporting of regression models for ordinal responses in sports sciences field: A systematic review,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, vol. 17, no. 1, p. e70012, Jan. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.70012
[7]
D. W. Jones, J. P. Simons, E. Markert, C. MacGibbon, J. Huang, N. Lin, S. Susnea, B. S. Baumer, S. Scali, D. H. Stone, M. Schermerhorn, and A. Schanzer, “Earned outcome metrics outperform recommended open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair volume guidelines in discriminating perioperative mortality among centers,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2025.07.047. Preview Online
[8]
R. Saidi, H. Burn, B. Baumer, J. Black, D. Deb, and Z. Drozda, “Building ramps & pathways to data science in k-12, minority serving institutions, and two-year colleges,” Scatterplot, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Sept. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/29932955.2024.2395091
[9]
J. Albert, B. S. Baumer, and M. Marchi, Analyzing baseball data with R, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2024, p. 418 [Online]. Available: https://www.routledge.com/Analyzing-Baseball-Data-with-R/Albert-Baumer-Marchi/p/book/9781032668093. Https://Beanumber.github.io/Abdwr3e/
[10]
B. S. Baumer, “Editor’s note: On fairness in sports analytics,” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–3, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2023-0103
[11]
B. S. Baumer and N. J. Horton, “Data science transfer pathways from associate’s to bachelor’s programs,” Harvard Data Science Review, vol. 5, no. 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.e2720e81
[12]
B. S. Baumer, G. J. Matthews, and Q. Nguyen, “Big ideas in sports analytics and statistical tools for their investigation,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, vol. 15, no. 6, p. e1612, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1612
[13]
C. Legacy, A. Zieffler, B. S. Baumer, V. Barr, and N. J. Horton, “Facilitating team-based data science: Lessons learned from the DSC-WAV project,” Foundations of Data Science, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 244–265, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3934/fods.2022003. Special Issue on Data Science Education Research
[14]
B. S. Baumer, N. J. Horton, E. Meyers, and A. Dustin, “Symposium focuses on opportunities for Massachusetts community colleges,” AMSTAT News, no. 444, p. 1, Sept. 2022 [Online]. Available: https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2022/09/01/syposium_mass/. Edited but Not Peer Reviewed
[15]
B. S. Baumer, Q. Nguyen, and G. J. Matthews, “CRAN task view: Sports analytics.” The Comprehensive R Archive Network; The Comprehensive R Archive Network, May-2022 [Online]. Available: https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/SportsAnalytics.html
[16]
B. S. Baumer, R. L. Garcia, A. Y. Kim, K. M. Kinnaird, and M. Q. Ott, “Integrating data science ethics into an undergraduate major: A case study,” Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 15–28, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/26939169.2022.2038041
[17]
M. Çetinkaya-Rundel, J. S. Hardin, B. S. Baumer, A. A. McNamara, N. J. Horton, and C. W. Rundel, “An educator’s perspective of the tidyverse,” Technology Innovations in Statistics Education, vol. 14, no. 1, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5070/T514154352
[18]
A. B. Elam, C. G. Brush, P. G. Greene, B. S. Baumer, and R. Heavlow, “Global entrepreneurship monitor women’s entrepreneurship 2020/2021: Thriving through crisis,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; Global Entrepreneurship Research Association: London, Nov. 2021 [Online]. Available: https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50841. –A–, Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[19]
S. P. Couch, A. P. Bray, C. Ismay, E. Chasnovski, B. S. Baumer, and M. Çetinkaya-Rundel, “Infer: An R package for tidyverse-friendly statistical inference,” Journal of Open Source Software, vol. 6, no. 65, p. 3661, Sept. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03661
[20]
B. S. Baumer, D. T. Kaplan, and N. J. Horton, Modern Data Science with R, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman; Hall/CRC Press, 2021, pp. 1–673 [Online]. Available: https://www.routledge.com/Modern-Data-Science-with-R/Baumer-Kaplan-Horton/p/book/9780367191498
[21]
N. J. Horton, B. S. Baumer, A. Zieffler, and V. Barr, “The Data Science Corps Wrangle-Analyze-Visualize program: Building data acumen for undergraduate students,” Harvard Data Science Review, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Feb. 2021 [Online]. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8233428d. Response to Article, Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[22]
A. M. Bertin and B. S. Baumer, “Creating optimal conditions for reproducible data analysis in R with ‘fertile’,” Stat, vol. 10, no. 1, p. e332, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/sta4.332. Special Issue on the 2020 Symposium for Data Science and Statistics
[23]
M. S. Schwartz, J. Schnabl, M. P. H. Litz, B. S. Baumer, and M. Barresi, “-SCOPE: A new method to quantify 3D biological structures and identify differences in zebrafish forebrain development,” Developmental Biology, vol. 460, no. 2, pp. 115–138, Apr. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.11.014
[24]
B. S. Baumer, A. S. Bray, M. Çetinkaya-Rundel, and J. Hardin, “Teaching introductory statistics with DataCamp,” Journal of Statistics Education, vol. 28, no. 1, Mar. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2020.1730734
[25]
A. B. Elam, C. G. Brush, P. G. Greene, B. S. Baumer, M. Dean, and R. Heavlow, “Global entrepreneurship monitor 2018/2019 women’s entrepreneurship report,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; Global Entrepreneurship Research Association: London, Nov. 2019 [Online]. Available: https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50405. –A–, Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[26]
B. S. Baumer, “A grammar for reproducible and painless extract-transform-load operations on medium data,” Journal of Computational and Statistical Graphics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 256–264, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2018.1512867
[27]
B. S. Baumer and A. S. Zimbalist, “The impact of college athletic success on donations and applicant quality,” International Journal of Financial Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 19, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7020019. Special Issue on Sports Finance 2018
[28]
J. Albert, M. Marchi, and B. S. Baumer, Analyzing baseball data with R, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2018, p. 342 [Online]. Available: https://www.crcpress.com/Analyzing-Baseball-Data-with-R-Second-Edition/Marchi-Albert-Baumer/p/book/9780815353515
[29]
M. Papaiakovou, N. Pilotte, B. S. Baumer, J. Grant, K. Asbjornsdottir, F. Schaer, Y. Hu, R. Aroian, J. Walson, and S. A. Williams, “A comparative analysis of preservation techniques for the optimal molecular detection of hookworm DNA in human fecal specimens,” PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–17, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006130
[30]
B. S. Baumer, “Lessons from between the white lines for isolated data scientists,” The American Statistican, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 66–71, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2017.1375985
[31]
B. S. Baumer, “The Oxford Anthology of Statistics in Sports: Volume 1: 2000-2004 by James J. Cochran, Jay Bennett, Jim Albert,” The American Statistician, vol. 72, no. 3. Taylor & Francis, pp. 297–298, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1496649. Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[32]
M. Lopez, G. J. Matthews, and B. S. Baumer, “How often does the best team win? A unified approach to understanding randomness in North American sport,” Annals of Applied Statistics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 2483–2516, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1214/18-AOAS1165
[33]
B. S. Baumer, “Lessons from between the white lines for isolated data scientists,” PeerJ Preprints, vol. 5, p. e3160v2, Aug. 2017. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3160v2
[34]
D. J. Kelley, B. S. Baumer, C. G. Brush, M. Cole, M. Dean, M. Madavi, M. Majbouri, P. Greene, and R. Heavlow, “Global entrepreneurship monitor 2016/2017 women’s entrepreneurship report,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, July 2017. Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[35]
B. S. Baumer, D. T. Kaplan, and N. J. Horton, Modern Data Science with R. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman; Hall/CRC Press, 2017, p. 551 [Online]. Available: https://www.crcpress.com/Modern-Data-Science-with-R/Baumer-Kaplan-Horton/9781498724487
[36]
R. D. De Veaux, M. Agarwal, M. Averett, B. S. Baumer, A. Bray, T. C. Bressoud, L. Bryant, L. Z. Cheng, A. Francis, R. Gould, A. Y. Kim, M. Kretchmar, Q. Lu, A. Moskol, D. Nolan, R. Pelayo, S. Raleigh, R. J. Sethi, M. Sondjaja, N. Tiruviluamala, P. X. Uhlig, T. M. Washington, C. L. Wesley, D. White, and P. Ye, “Curriculum guidelines for undergraduate programs in data science,” Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-060116-053930. Endorsed by the ASA but Not Peer-Reviewed
[37]
A. A. McNamara, N. J. Horton, and B. S. Baumer, “Greater data science at baccalaureate institutions,” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 781–783, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2017.1386568. Response to Article, Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[38]
B. S. Baumer and P. Badian-Pessot, “Evaluation of batters and base runners,” in Handbook of statistical methods and analyses in sports, J. Albert, M. E. Glickman, T. B. Swartz, and R. H. Koning, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman; Hall/CRC Press, 2016, pp. 1–37 [Online]. Available: https://www.crcpress.com/Handbook-of-Statistical-Methods-and-Analyses-in-Sports/Albert-Glickman-Swartz-Koning/p/book/9781498737364
[39]
A. Bar-Noy, B. Baumer, and D. Rawitz, “Set it and forget it: Tighter approximation bounds for RoundRobin in a restricted lifetime model,” Algorithmica, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 1–19, Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00453-016-0198-8
[40]
A. Bar-Noy, B. Baumer, and D. Rawitz, “Changing of the guards: Strip cover with duty cycling,” Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 610, pp. 135–148, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2014.09.002
[41]
B. S. Baumer, Y. Wei, and G. S. Bloom, “The smallest non-autograph,” Discussiones Mathematicae Graph Theory, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 577–602, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7151/dmgt.1881
[42]
B. Baumer, “In a Moneyball world, a number of teams remain slow to buy into sabermetrics,” in The great analytics rankings, R. Webb, Ed. ESPN.com; ESPN.com, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://espn.go.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/12331388/the-great-analytics-rankings#!mlb. Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[43]
A. Bar-Noy and B. Baumer, “Average case network lifetime on an interval with adjustable sensing ranges,” Algorithmica, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 148–166, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00453-013-9853-5
[44]
B. Baumer, “A data science course for undergraduates: Thinking with data,” The American Statistician, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 334–342, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2015.1081105
[45]
B. S. Baumer, S. T. Jensen, and G. J. Matthews, “OpenWAR: An open source system for evaluating overall player performance in Major League Baseball,” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 69–84, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2014-0098
[46]
B. Baumer, G. Rabanca, A. Bar-Noy, and P. Basu, “Star search: Effective subgroups in collaborative social networks.” ACM; ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 729–736, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808797.2810062
[47]
B. Baumer and D. Udwin, “R Markdown,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167–177, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1348
[48]
J. Hardin, R. Hoerl, N. J. Horton, D. Nolan, B. Baumer, O. Hall-Holt, P. Murrell, R. Peng, P. Roback, D. Temple Lang, and others, “Data science in statistics curricula: Preparing students to ‘think with data’,” The American Statistician, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 343–353, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2015.1077729
[49]
N. J. Horton, B. S. Baumer, and H. Wickham, “Setting the stage for data science: Integration of data management skills in introductory and second courses in statistics,” CHANCE, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 40–50, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://chance.amstat.org/2015/04/setting-the-stage/
[50]
B. Baumer and A. Zimbalist, “Quantifying Market Inefficiencies in the Baseball Players’ Market,” Eastern Economic Journal, vol. 40, pp. 488–498, Dec. 2014. https://doi.org/doi:10.1057/eej.2013.43
[51]
B. S. Baumer, “Analyzing baseball data with R by Max Marchi, Jim Albert,” International Statistical Review, vol. 82, no. 2. Wiley Online Library, pp. 313–315, Aug-2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12068_5. Edited but Not Peer-Reviewed
[52]
S. Stoudt, L. Santana, and B. Baumer, “In pursuit of perfection: An ensemble method for predicting march madness match-up probabilities,” in JSM proceedings, 2014. Not Peer-Reviewed
[53]
B. Baumer, P. Basu, A. Bar-Noy, and C. Chau, “Social-communication composite networks,” in Opportunistic mobile social networks, CRC Press, 2014, pp. 1–36 [Online]. Available: https://www.crcpress.com/Opportunistic-Mobile-Social-Networks/Wu-Wang/p/book/9781466594944
[54]
B. Baumer, “Applied mathematics at the ballpark: The life of one sabermetrician,” Math Horizons, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 18–20, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4169/mathhorizons.22.1.18. Edited but Not Peer Reviewed
[55]
B. S. Baumer and G. J. Matthews, “There is no avoiding WAR,” CHANCE, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 41–44, 2014 [Online]. Available: http://chance.amstat.org/2014/09/avoiding-war/
[56]
B. Baumer, M. Çetinkaya-Rundel, A. Bray, L. Loi, and N. J. Horton, “R Markdown: Integrating a reproducible analysis tool into introductory statistics,” Technology Innovations in Statistics Education, vol. 8, no. 1, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5070/T581020118
[57]
B. Baumer and A. Zimbalist, The Sabermetric Revolution: Assessing the Growth of Analytics in Baseball. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, p. 240 [Online]. Available: http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15168.html
[58]
R. Gould, B. Baumer, M. Çetinkaya-Rundel, and A. Bray, “Big data goes to college,” AMSTAT News, no. 444, pp. 17–19, 2014 [Online]. Available: http://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2014/06/01/datafest/. Edited but Not Peer Reviewed
[59]
A. Bar-Noy, B. Baumer, and D. Rawitz, “Brief announcement: Set it and forget it - approximating the set once strip cover problem.” ACM, pp. 105–107, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1145/2486159.2486162
[60]
P. Bogdanov, B. Baumer, P. Basu, A. Bar-Noy, and A. K. Singh, “As strong as the weakest link: Mining diverse cliques in weighted graphs,” vol. 8188. Springer, pp. 525–540, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40988-2_34
[61]
B. S. Baumer, “Sensor strip cover: Maximizing network lifetime on an interval,” PhD thesis, City University of New York, 2012 [Online]. Available: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2677679131&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=29054&RQT=309&VName=PQD
[62]
A. Bar-Noy, B. Baumer, and D. Rawitz, “Changing of the guards: Strip cover with duty cycling,” vol. 7355. Springer, pp. 36–47, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31104-8_4
[63]
B. S. Baumer, J. Piette, and B. Null, “Parsing the relationship between baserunning and batting abilities within lineups,” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1–17, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1515/1559-0410.1429
[64]
A. Bar-Noy and B. Baumer, “Maximizing network lifetime on the line with adjustable sensing ranges,” in ALGOSENSORS, 2011, vol. 7111, pp. 28–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28209-6_4
[65]
B. Baumer, P. Basu, and A. Bar-Noy, “Modeling and analysis of composite network embeddings,” in MSWiM, 2011, pp. 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1145/2068897.2068956
[66]
B. S. Baumer and D. Draghicescu, “Mapping Batter Ability in Baseball: A Study in Spatial Modeling,” in JSM proceedings, 2010. Not Peer-Reviewed
[67]
B. S. Baumer and P. Terlecky, “Improved Estimates for the Impact of Baserunning in Baseball,” in JSM proceedings, 2010. Not Peer-Reviewed
[68]
B. S. Baumer, A. Galdi, and R. Sebastian, “A Survey of Methods for the Statistical Evaluation of Defensive Ability in Major League Baseball,” in JSM proceedings, 2009. Not Peer-Reviewed
[69]
B. S. Baumer, “Using Simulation to Estimate the Impact of Baserunning Ability in Baseball,” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–16, 2009. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1174. Article 8
[70]
B. S. Baumer, “Why On-Base Percentage is a Better Indicator of Future Performance than Batting Average: An Algebraic Proof,” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–11, 2008. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1101. Article 3